Lupus. 1996 Oct;5(5):418-24. Information regarding the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is accessible on the Internet, and encompasses both physician specific and patient specific files. The quantity and quality of data available at these sites, however, varies greatly and both search-refining and data manipulating protocols and software need improvement.

J Am Acad Audiol. 2006 Jul-Aug;17(7):498-505.

Hum Pathol. 1995 Jul;26(7):716-24. A thrombotic microangiopathy that is identified in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) represents only a part of the vascular pathology that can be associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Tissues from two autopsies, four renal biopsies, two skin biopsies, and one amputated leg were obtained from six patients who met criteria for the diagnosis of APS. Three patients had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), one had lupus-like disease, and two had a primary APS. Five of the patients were hypertensive. Arteries of three patients disclosed fibrin thrombi along with widespread obstruction by recanalized intimal connective tissue. Small renal, leptomeningeal, and pulmonary arteries showed concentric cellular and fibrous intimal hyperplasia indistinguishable from hypertensive vascular disease. Glomerular capillary and afferent arteriolar thrombi were found in renal biopsies from two SLE patients. One of these SLE patients required a leg amputation in which the popliteal artery demonstrated thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and acute inflammation. The findings support clinical and experimental data that indicate aPLs cause thrombosis but suggest diversity in the pathogenetic mechanisms aPLs are capable of promoting. Inflammation seems to be rare and to accompany thrombosis. Intimal hyperplasia is particularly common. Its involvement of renal arteries may contribute to hypertension that develops in some APS patients.

Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jun;1069:386-90. In conclusion: (1) Inflammatory disease may develop in some patients with aPL and appears to be set off by pregnancy, a known trigger for clinical thrombotic events in aPL patients. (2) Thyroid cancer may be associated with aPL, and this association warrants further study with larger number of patients.

Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Apr;135(4):542-4 CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon, retinovascular thrombosis in children can occur in APA syndrome. Testing for ACA and lupus anticoagulant should be considered.

J Rheumatol. 2002 Apr;29(4):843-9. Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), who are predisposed to vascular thrombotic events, are at additional risk for thrombosis when they undergo surgery. Serious perioperative complications (recurrent thrombosis, catastrophic exacerbation, or bleeding) occur despite prophylaxis. We describe our perioperative experience with APS patients who underwent a variety of surgeries, review the literature, and discuss strategies that may guide other physicians in their perioperative evaluation and management of patients with APS. Recommendations: perioperative strategies should be clearly identified before surgical procedure; pharmacological and physical antithrombosis interventions vigorously employed; periods without anticoagulation kept to a minimum; and any deviation from a normal course should be considered a potential disease related event.